SplitFires patented V-shaped ground electrode enhances combustion efficiency. Because the flame kernel is not blocked by the side electrode, the flame kernel is larger, yielding more turbulence in the cylinder and a better burn.
Most domestic engines use 14mm plug threads with reaches (lengths), as measured from the end of the threaded area to the seat, typically varying from 0.375-0.750 inch. Either a gasket or a tapered-seat configuration is used to seal the plug to the head. The wrenching hex is usually 5/8 or 13/16 inch.
The cap-end (rear portion) of most modern plugs has been lengthened to provide increased flashover protection with modern high-output ignition systems. If you have an exhaust system clearance problem, ACCEL offers special shorty header plugs for selected applications. (Photo courtesy of ACCEL )
Once the domain of weird surface-gap plugs, some Top Fuel dragsters have switched to a Champion plug with a broad projected nose, reduced-diameter center electrode, and ultra-thick cut-back ground electrode (right, compared to the street version, left). Todays Fuelers need a deeper spark projection to light off the immense fuel volume passing into the chambervolumes that also cool the plug sufficiently to (usually) ensure its survival.
A projected-nose plug (right) yields a broader heat range than a regular-gap plug (left), and also permits backing off the timing a few degrees for better midrange response and detonation resistance. However, if detonation does occur, the projected tip is more easily damaged than the regular design, especially in a nitrous application where the tip can act like a glow plug.
Wide gaps increase power and mileage if the ignition system is up to the job. Generally, start with a 0.035-inch gap, slowly increasing it until performance falls off. When gaps exceed 0.050 inch, use wide-gap plugs (if available) to keep the side electrode perpendicular to the center electrode.
Compare the cool Champion RC12YC projected street plug (left) to the icicle C57HCX NASCAR Winston Cup version (right). The HCXs nose projects just 0.030 inch (instead of the usual 0.060). A large cross-section ground electrode cures breakage at the 400-mile mark on 15:1 engines. Hard to bend, its radically cut back to provide a 0.040-inch gap.
If your application originally called for 3/4-inchreach, 1-3/16-inchhex gasketed plugs (as on Chevy big-block factory aluminum heads) they can be replaced by 3/4-inchreach, 5/8-inchhex gasketed plugs for more clearance.
A cold plug (right) has a shorter insulator tip that helps prevent tip overheating and pre-ignition in high-speed engines. A hot plug (left) has a long insulator tip; it holds more heat and tends to burn off deposits.
For the average stocker in good running condition, spark plug selection is a cinchchoose whatever brands on sale, look up the plug part number in the catalog, and go down the road. At the opposite extreme is the professional racer. Based on years of experience and reams of dyno and on-track data, special plug configurations have been developed by plug makers strictly for racing. But most car crafters fall between these extremes; their rides are not by any means stock, but neither are they used purely for racing.
How does the average person figure out the proper plug for a nonstock combination with an altered compression ratio, a bigger cam, aftermarket cylinder heads, and a power-adder like a turbo, supercharger, or even nitrous oxide? To find out, we consulted leading spark plug manufacturersincluding Bosch, Champion, Denso, and SplitFireto get the lowdown on modern high-performance spark plug design and application.
Basically, high-performance spark plug selection can be boiled down to four basic steps: Pick a shell design, choose an electrode gap style, determine preliminary heat range choice, and evaluate the preliminary selection in the car or on a dyno.
Shell Design
Most custom-built engines no longer have original cylinder headsso the first thing you need to do is figure out the necessary spark plug thread diameter, thread length or reach, and the type of seat design required by the currently installed heads. Failure to select the right plug can result in inconsistent heat range and potential engine damage.
Some heads may accept several different shell designs. This can be important if you have a header clearance problem, or if the proper heat range is not offered in every shell. It pays to become familiar with your favorite plug makers catalog offerings and available heat ranges.
The porcelain end of todays standard plugs is longer than that of equivalent plugs from the classic musclecar era. This may result in plug or plug wire interference on older headers. Possible solutions include shorter lawn mower plugs or special shorty plugs available from ACCEL and other manufacturers. Note that lawn mower plug heat range availability is extremely limited.
Electrode and Gap Design
When selecting the spark plug nose configuration, the simple rule to remember is: The more the spark plug is exposed to the air/fuel mixture, the easier it is to initiate combustion. Many specialized plugs have been developed for high-end race cars, but for most dual-purpose vehicles the choice typically boils down to either regular-gap (conventional) or projected-nose styles.
The regular-gap plug is the traditional configuration factory-installed on many classic musclecars. For modern high-performance work, it should only be used if there isnt enough clearance for a projected-nose plug. The latter style projects the spark further into the chamber than a standard plug, and will nearly always offer improved performance if there is sufficient valve and piston clearance, although many nitrous oxide users prefer to stay away from them because of excessive heat buildup in the tip that can cause detonation.
Projected plugs initiate the flame-front closer to the center of the combustion chamber, which has an effect similar to advancing the timing. This lets the total ignition advance be reduced, decreasing the chances of detonation while providing superior throttle response. A projected plugs longer core nose provides a hotter plug at low speed to help prevent fouling. As engine speed increases, the incoming air/fuel mixture flows across the core nose tip, providing charge cooling that effectively reduces the heat range for increased top-end detonation resistance. Today many race cars also used projected-nose plugs, albeit in highly modified form from the civilian versionsthe ground electrodes are often cut back to help improve the flame kernel and reduce the voltage amount needed to fire the plug.
Heat Range
Controlling the operating temperature of the plugs firing tip is the single most important factor in spark plug design. Heat range is the relative temperature of the spark plugs core nose, and it is determined by the length and diameter of the insulator tip, as well as the ability of the plug to transfer heat into the cooling system. A cold plug transfers heat rapidly from its firing end into the cooling system and is used to avoid core nose heat saturation where combustion-chamber or cylinder-head temperatures are relatively high. A hot plug has a slower heat transfer rate and is used to avoid fouling under relatively low chamber or head temperatures. Whats confusing is that a hotter (higher performance level) engine requires a colder plug because more power equals higher cylinder temperatures.
Critical factors affecting heat range include:
Air/fuel mixture: Lean air/fuel ratios raise cylinder-head temperatures, requiring a colder plug. Rich air/fuel ratios require a hotter plug to prevent fouling. Mixtures that cause the plugs to read lean may contribute to pre-ignition or detonation. If not running an electronic engine management system, it pays to tune slightly on the rich side to avoid detonation.
Spark advance: Ignition timing has one of the greatest effects on plug temperatures. It becomes more critical as compression ratios increase. More timing raises combustion temperatures, calling for colder plugs.
Compression ratio: Increasing the mechanical compression ratio raises cylinder pressure, resulting in higher cylinder temperature. The higher the compression ratio, the colder the spark plug needs to be. According to Champion Spark Plugs, for normally aspirated, gasoline-fueled engines, a good rule of thumb is to go about one heat range colder for each full point in compression ratio increase from 9:1 through about 12.5:1, and two heat ranges colder for each point increase between 12.5:1 and 14.5:1. Beyond 14.5:1, 3-4 heat range reductions per point may be needed.
Gasoline quality: With musclecar-era leaded gas, the lead is attracted to the hotter (core-nose) part of the plug, causing glazing. The spark runs down the core nose instead of jumping the gap. Going to a slightly colder plug helps prevent lead-glazing. However, with todays cleaner-burning oxygenated unleaded gas, an equivalent engine needs to run plugs about 1-2 heat ranges hotter than originally specified (many plug manufacturers have revised their catalogs accordingly).
Methanol: Methanol has a higher octane level compared to gasoline (allowing an increased compression ratio), contains 50 percent oxygen by mass (requiring a much richer air/fuel ratio), and has a reduced latent heat of evaporation (which cools the incoming air/fuel charge and allows a denser mixture). The net effect is to require a plug thats at least one step colder than normal for an equivalent gasoline-fueled application.
Nitrous oxide: N2O raises cylinder temperatures and may require a plug 1-2 heat ranges colder. Lower output street systems may get by with standard heat ranges if nitrous use is held under 10 seconds.
Supercharging/turbocharging: With increased pressure and temperature in the chamber, two or more heat ranges colder may be needed. Extreme high-boost race-only applications may need a surface-gap plug.
Sustained acceleration: Prolonged acceleration or high-speed driving raises temperatures and calls for colder plugs.
Elevation: Leaning the mixture and advancing the timing can partially compensate for lost power and efficiency caused by increasing elevation. Spark plug heat ranges should stay the same as at sea level unless racing above 3,000 feet, where one step hotter usually suffices.
Test and Evaluate
With a new or unknown combination, play it safe. Always start at least 1-2 heat ranges on the cold size of the mean heat-range for the series of plug you are running. At worst, you may experience some plug fouling. On the other hand, a plug thats too hot can cause detonation and damage the engine.
Determining the optimum heat range is a trial-and-error process. You run the car, then read the plugs by closely inspecting and analyzing the condition of the plug tip and insulator. Once you find the correct heat range that prevents fouling without contributing to pre-ignition or detonation, changing to a hotter or colder plug wont alter engine performance. Set up the engine for optimum air/fuel ratio and timing first, then fine-tune plug heat range. Reading plugs on the street is not the same as in racing. On the street, as mileage piled up, a properly burning plug traditionally had a clearly visible brown or grayish-tan color.
Todays pump gas may use additives that cause a discoloration of the plug core nose; they could be pink, purple, or blue. Do not consider this coloration as an indication of heat range when reading spark plugs.
In racing, the primary concerns are the color of the ring that forms on the insulator base and the condition of the electrodes. When both tuning and plug heat range is correct, after a full-throttle run the fire-ring with leaded racing fuel should be a light reddish-tan. There will be a corresponding coloration on the inside of the threaded portion. Plugs with bright-plated threads may be easier to read than those with black-oxide threads.
To ensure accurate readings under racing conditions with leaded fuels, the engine must be shut-off cleanly at full throttle and the car placed in Neutral with sufficient remaining momentum to coast into the pits or to a stop near the end of the strip. The readings are useless if the car is driven into the pits after a run. For more information on reading and diagnosing plugs, see the article Spark Plug Tuning, Pro Stock Style.
Dual-purpose street/strip machines rank among the toughest cases for determining proper plug heat-range selection. They spend weekdays under stop-and-go driving conditions, with occasional full-throttle acceleration runs. It is hard to select one heat-range that provides optimum plug performance under all conditions.
Assuming that the need for sustained full-throttle acceleration can be anticipated in advance, the optimum solution is to carry an extra set of cold plugs for racing duty only. Having the proper plugs on hand for your application should ensure that your engine will get fired up with no gaps in its performance potential.